Heart Disease and HIV: Updates from the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections

The revelation that a premature infant had been cured of HIV with early, aggressive treatment dominated the news during the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), held in early March. This exhilarating feat overshadowed one of the hottest topics at the meeting: heart disease comorbid with HIV infection.

Overall, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now responsible for approximately one death in ten among HIV-positive patients, a proportion likely to increase as more patients live longer with the disease.^1,2  HIV is independently associated with increased risks for sudden cardiac death, clinical heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and acute myocardial infarction (MI).^3,4

Several key questions need to be answered, according to Matthew S. Freiberg, MD, chief of the section of Chronic Disease Translational Research and Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh: How do we predict the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV? How do we prevent and treat it? And how does it happen? Research presented at CROI may help move the field towards some answers.

Risk Assessment

According to a computer simulation of HIV disease and CVD presented at the meeting, which used data from the National Health Interview Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the 10-year risk of CVD among people with HIV was 50% higher than among those without the infection, leading the authors to warn that “CVD prevention should be integral to HIV disease management.” Yet evidently it is not: One study showed that among HIV-infected men who were not taking a statin, about 10% should be doing so. Also, rates of aspirin use among HIV-positive individuals with CVD risk factors are lower than among those not infected with HIV.

Meanwhile, an analysis of data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual Cohort showed that, among the 84,844 veterans without a history of coronary heart disease, although age made no difference in the time of first MI, infection with HIV had a huge impact. The HIV-infected cohort had an 81% increased risk.

There is need to “revisit the question” of whether the Framingham Risk Score commonly used to predict 10-year CVD risk is robust enough to capture the risk in people with HIV, observed Dr. Freiburg. His recent paper in JAMA Internal Medicine (HIV Infection and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction) suggests it may not be, perhaps because the Framingham risk score does not account for HIV-related factors such as the type of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that patients take and their CD4 counts, which  researchers believe may be factors in CVD risk. 

The issue of heart failure in this population is growing in importance, he added, given the combination of risk factors such as HIV, ART, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol use, and acute MI. To learn more about how heart failure manifests in HIV-infected individuals, his group analyzed data  from 80,226 HIV-infected individuals to see whether the increased risk was related to preserved ejection fraction or reduced ejection fraction. They found an increased risk of both kinds of heart failure among patients with HIV, as well as higher heart failure-related mortality in the HIV-infected cohort. (However, they found no difference in mortality risk based on the type of heart failure.)

“Heart failure is going to be an important CVD outcome in this population as people with HIV age,” Dr. Freiburg said. He added that primary care clinicians should discuss risk factors for HF with their HIV-positive patients and treat those risk factors using guideline-driven care.

A risk factor correlated with CVD but not assessed with the Framingham Risk Score is the coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. A cross-sectional study comparing baseline data from two different studies using the marker -- a study of oxidative stress and inflammation in HIV CHD risk and another study of atherosclerosis in a multi-ethnic, non-HIV infected cohort -- found a significantly higher score in the HIV-infected cohort (who were on ART). The HIV patients also showed  higher levels of the inflammatory mediators HCP-1 and TNF-α, predicting CAC presence independent of traditional risk factors.

Preventing CVD in HIV-Infected Patients

Although it is clear from earlier studies that greater viral suppression reduces the risk of CVD, it is still unclear whether new guidelines for preventing and treating CVD will be necessary for this population, said Dr. Freiberg. For instance, during the panel he moderated on that topic the question arose whether current blood pressure goals for people with diabetes should be applied to those with HIV, given that HIV-infected people may also be a high-risk group for AMI. As of yet, he said, “there is no clear data. But we should be looking at this more closely.”

The study that found HIV-infected patients with high CVD risk less likely to take aspirin than those not infected by HIV highlights the importance of assuring guideline-driven care in this group of patients, said Dr. Freiburg. Although curiously it found that the risk of MI was not reduced among those HIV-positive patients who did take aspirin, these results from researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital are consistent with another study, recently published in Clinical Infectious Disease that also documented low aspirin use in the HIV population.⁵

“The benefits of aspirin use can be difficult to capture because it is an over-the-counter drug,” he noted, “and there is always the possibility of confounding by indication.” Clearly the issue deserves further study, he added.

Why the Higher Risk in HIV?

The leading hypothesis to explain the increased CVD risk in HIV patients places the blame on increased inflammation. But the word “inflammation,” said Dr. Freiberg, is itself inflammatory. Only with a clearer understanding of the roles of the innate and adaptive immune system and the importance of individual inflammatory mediators in the CVD risk will researchers be able to identify new targets for treatment.

Several reports at CROI rose to the challenge. One [http://] found a statistically significant correlation between two biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin 5 and the fibrin degradation product D-dimer) and serious non-AIDS conditions including CVD in HIV-positive patients. These biomarkers may be useful as endpoints for trials evaluating and comparing treatments designed to reduce serious comorbidies of HIV, the authors suggested. Another research team reported that activation of monocytes, but not of T cells, predicted coronary artery calcium progression in an HIV-positive cohort.

Is the immune system altered by HIV in a way that triggers cardiovascular disease? “It might be,” said Dr. Freiburg. “There is compelling data but it’s far from definitive.” Meanwhile, he advised, continue with the current standard of care: Initiate ART as appropriate, with a goal of viral suppression, and (also very important) address cardiovascular risk factors as recommended by current guidelines.

References:

References

1. US Dept of Health and Human Services. Clinical Practice Guideline Update: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. 2008 Update.
2. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2012; http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines.
3. Zanni MV, Grinspoon SK. HIV-Specific Immune Dysregulation and Atherosclerosis. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2012
4. Tseng ZH, Secemsky EA, Dowdy D, et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(21):1891-1896.
5. Burkholder GA, Tamhane AR, Salinas JL et al. Underutilization of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Dec;55(11):1550-7. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis752. Epub 2012 Aug 31.