|Articles|August 15, 2013

Probiotic Therapy: Level I Evidence for Which Condition?

Probiotic therapy has level 1 evidence for only one condition-acute infectious diarrhea.

Probiotics have been used to manage all of the conditions below. Which of the following is the only condition with Level I evidence (well-conducted, controlled studies)?

A. Acute infectious diarrhea
B. Irritable bowel syndrome
C. Hepatic encephalopathy
D. Clostridium difficile infection

Please click here for the answer and discussion.

Enhance your clinical practice with the Patient Care newsletter, offering the latest evidence-based guidelines, diagnostic insights, and treatment strategies for primary care physicians.

Latest CME

Multimedia

Burst CME™: Optimizing Care for Patients with Psoriasis – Incorporating a Buy-and-Bill Model for Biologic Agents into Dermatological Practice

Jerry Bagel, MD, MS

Probiotic Therapy: Level I Evidence for Which Condition?

Related Content

FDA Expands Dolutegravir Approval to Infants With HIV-1 Weighing at Least 2 kg

Pre-Vaccine Antibodies May Predict Blunted COVID-19 Vaccine Response

New Childhood Vaccine Executive Order Draws Criticism From AAP, AMA, NFID

FDA Reviews Clesrovimab for Second-Season RSV Prevention in High-Risk Children

FDA Approves mRNA-1010 (mFLUSIVA) as First mRNA Flu Vaccine for Adults 50 and Older

Latest CME

Burst CME™: Optimizing Care for Patients with Psoriasis – Incorporating a Buy-and-Bill Model for Biologic Agents into Dermatological Practice

25th Annual International Congress on the Future of Breast Cancer® East

10th Annual Live Medical Crossfire®: Hematologic Malignancies

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Arkansas Association of Cancer Professionals

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Rhode Island Oncology Society

(CME Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Kentucky

Houston Hematology Satellite Symposia

Ready for Radioligand Therapy? Patient Selection and Sequencing Simplified

Arkansas Association of Cancer Professionals

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Empire State Hematology & Oncology Society

𝘔𝘌𝘛 Alterations in NSCLC: Applying Diagnostic Advances and Targeted Therapies in a New Era of Treatment

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | South Carolina Oncology Society

Community Oncology Connections™: How Can We Optimize the Use of Oral SERDs in the Community Oncology Setting? Best Practices for HR+/HER2– Breast Cancer | Texas Society of Clinical Oncology

Community Oncology Connections™: Advancing Precision Testing and HER2-Targeted Care for Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma – Minnesota

Community Oncology Connections™: Advancing Precision Testing and HER2-Targeted Care for Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma – West Virginia

Community Oncology Connections™: Advancing Precision Testing and HER2-Targeted Care for Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma – North Carolina

27th Annual International Lung Cancer Congress®

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Washington State Medical Oncology Society

Washington State Medical Oncology Society

IgAN Case Files: Real Conversations, Evolving Evidence

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – New York

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – North Carolina

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Montana/Wyoming

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Washington

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Nevada

Hot Seat: Converging Lines in the Management of RAS-Altered Cancers

Unlocking the Future of Glioma Care: Integrating Recent Advances to Personalize Treatment

ISGIO 2025: Hepatobiliary Cancers

Collaborating Across the Continuum™: Integrating Novel Therapies Into Multidisciplinary Treatment Plans for Generalized Myasthenia Gravis

Revolutionizing TGCT Care with Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Cutting-Edge Targeted Therapies

Burst CME™ in Gaucher Disease: Patient Evaluation and Management

From Gene to Gut: Understanding TL1A’s Function in IBD Evolution

The Presbyopia-Correcting and Toric IOL Playbook: Game-Changing Surgical Strategies to Enhance Patient Outcomes

Real-World Insights on Advances in the Management of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: How the Experts Apply the Latest Developments to Clinical Practice

Module 4: Breast Surgery (2025)

Module 5: Breast Radiation Therapy (2025)

Module 3: Pathology And Biomarkers (2025)

Module 6: Adjuvant/Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Endocrine Therapy (2025)

Module 1: Breast Carcinogenesis & Management of High-Risk Disease (2025)

Module 7: Systemic Treatment Of Advanced/Metastatic Disease (2025)

Module 2: Breast Imaging (2025)

Module 8: Organ-Targeted Treatment of Metastatic Disease (2025)

Module 9: Toxicity Management And Survivorship Considerations (2025)

Decoding HER2 Alterations in GEA: Best Practices for Testing and Treatment

(CME Track) Rapid Reviews in Retina™: Emerging Updates from Summer 2025—Addressing the Wealth of New Data in Treatments for Neovascular Retinal Disease

Cases and Conversations™: Biologic Matchmaking in Psoriasis – Finding the Right Therapy for the Right Patient

(CME Track) Community Collaborative Connections™: Optimizing the Collaborative Care of Neovascular Retinal Disease in a New Age of Treatment

(CME Track) A Forward Look at Anti-VEGF Therapies: A Paradigm Shift in Neovascular Retinal Disease Management

(CME Track) Collaborating Across the Continuum™: Best Practices in Patient-Centric Team Management of XLRP

25th Annual International Congress on the Future of Breast Cancer® West

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Wisconsin Association of Hematology and Oncology

Medical Crossfire®: BPDCN in 2026—Expert Perspectives on Diagnosis, Frontline Therapy, and the Evolving CD123-Directed Pipeline

Medical Crossfire®: Maximizing Durability Across Retinal Disease — What 3 Years of Evidence Means for Your Practice

Working Together: Overcoming Barriers to Optimize Outcomes in Patients Treated With Radioligand Therapy Through Multidisciplinary Care

Community Oncology Connections™: Monotherapies vs Combinations – Navigating Oral SERDs and Targeted Combination Strategies in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer | Iowa Oncology Society

Community Oncology Connections™: Bridging Academic and Community Connections to Advance Precision and Targeted Care in NF1 Plexiform Neurofibromas | Nevada Oncology Society

Community Oncology Connections™: Bridging Academic and Community Connections to Advance Precision and Targeted Care in NF1 Plexiform Neurofibromas | Rhode Island Oncology Society

Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Diving Deeper Into Disease Pathogenesis, Severity Assessment, and Holistic Management Approaches

The Optometry Meeting in Anaheim

Texas Society of Clinical Oncology

North Carolina Oncology Association

Join Us at The Pathology Meeting in Las Vegas

Tennessee Oncology Practice Society

Primary Care Education in Nashville

(CME Track) Beyond the Collarette: Empowering Patients in the Management of Demodex Blepharitis

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Arkansas

Shining a Light on an Ultra-Rare Disease – A Closer Look at Thymidine Kinase 2 Deficiency (TK2d)

Navigating Ocular Toxicities: A Multidisciplinary Roadmap for Managing Adverse Events in Targeted Cancer Therapy

Expert Illustrations & Commentaries™: Visualizing the Role of Dystrophin Dysregulation as a Therapeutic Target in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and MD STARnet

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Tennessee

(CPE Track) Community Oncology Connections™: Leveraging Recent Advances in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma – Kentucky

Targeting the Cortisol Cascade: Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies in Patients with Hypertension