A 77-year-old woman who had hadanorexia and weakness for 3 monthswas seen after a syncopal episode. Sheappeared pale but alert. Heart rate was110 beats per minute; respiration rate,22 breaths per minute; and blood pressure,170/70 mm Hg. Her hematologicindices were: hemoglobin level, 4.3 g/dL;mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 60fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), 29 g/dL; red bloodcell count, 1.6 million/μL; white bloodcell count, 7500/μL; and platelet count,452,000/μL.

Anemia is usually detected as an incidentalfinding on a screening completeblood cell (CBC) count. Occasionally,a patient presents with symptoms andsigns that strongly suggest anemia,and a CBC count is ordered. In eithersetting, the next step is to determinethe cause of the anemia.

With proper guidance, a parent canassist in the difficult task of examininga young child’s throat.

Allergy testing can be done any time that allergy is suspected, and it should be done if it is not clear whether the patient's symptoms are related to allergic or nonallergic causes. Seasonal allergies can often be controlled with medication--either a single medication or a combination. If this is possible, then allergy testing is not really necessary. The test results might be interesting to the patient and health care provider but would not change what they would do.

The results of this study by Madden and associates suggest that sildenafil may be useful in managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in select patients with parenchymal lung disease.

Abstract: Failure to recognize heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can lead to devastating thrombotic events, including pulmonary embolism and stroke. In most cases, the problem develops within 5 to 14 days after a first-time exposure to heparin. HIT can occur with either unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), but the incidence is much lower with LMWH. When HIT is suspected clinically, a functional assay and immunoassay should be performed. However, treatment should not be delayed while waiting for laboratory confirmation. All forms of heparin should be eliminated, and treatment with an alternative anticoagulant should be initiated to prevent new thromboembolic events. Argatroban and lepirudin are the direct thrombin inhibitors that have been approved for the treatment of HIT. Because of the risk of warfarin-induced venous limb gangrene or skin necrosis, warfarin should be avoided in patients with acute HIT until their platelet counts have recovered and they are improving clinically. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(6):248-259)

The endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan has been demonstrated to be effective in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Now, Benza and associates report that bosentan is beneficial in patients who have PAH associated with congenital heart disease. Specifically, they found that treatment with bosentan significantly reduced right atrial pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Moreover, they found no evidence of systemic desaturation or worsening volume overload associated with bosentan therapy.

Abstract: Advances in CT technology afford the ability to create 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of the airways in only a few minutes. The 2 basic types of 3-D reconstruction imaging methods are CT bronchography, which depicts the external surface of the airways and its relationship to adjacent structures, and virtual bronchoscopy, which allows the viewer to navigate the internal lumen of the airways by a means similar to conventional bronchoscopy. Although axial images are routinely used to evaluate the upper airways, multiplanar reformations in the coronal and sagittal planes also help evaluate upper airway pathology. Coronal multiplanar reformation images are useful in defining the anatomy of the larynx; sagittal images provide excellent delineation of the epiglottis, vallecula, and piriform sinuses. Axial images are the reference standard for assessing tracheal wall thickening and, therefore, may be particularly helpful in the differential diagnosis of tracheal stenosis. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(6):266-273)

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States, affects 20% to 30% of patients with diabetes. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment may delay the progression of kidney disease.

ABSTRACT: The key features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are menstrual bleeding disturbances caused by chronic oligoovulation or anovulation and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism. The finding of polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography alone has limited predictive value. Obesity often coexists with PCOS and can exacerbate metabolic disturbances, particularly insulin resistance, but it is not a diagnostic finding. Laboratory results can rule out other conditions in the differential, such as an androgen- producing neoplasm, hypothyroidism, and late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

A 17-year-old boy landed with most of his weight on his plantar-flexed right foot during a skateboarding accident. He felt pain on the top of his right foot and could not bear weight on it.

One More Cause of Poliosis

The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is based on the patient's presenting symptoms and any significant abnormal findings. Symptoms can be managed with combined oral contraceptives (OCs), insulin-sensitizing agents, antiandrogens, and medications used to induce ovulation.

A 60-year-old woman complains that she has had "no energy" for the past 6 months. She wants to know how she can get a better night's sleep and inquires about new insomnia medications she has seen advertised on television.

What strategies can reduce the risk of osteoporosis in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

Recommendations for women in their 20s who have osteoporosis or osteopenia.

Asymptomatic purpura, slightly pruritic papules, a scaly eruption in thegroin--can you identify the disorders pictured here?

One week earlier, these asymptomatic linear brown streaks had appeared on the dorsal aspect of a 28-year-old woman's right thumb. When Ted Rosen, MD, of Houston questioned the patient about her recent activities, she said that she had just returned from a vacation in the Caribbean. During the trip, she had squeezed fresh limes into various beverages.

Right lower leg pain prompted a 15-year-old boy to seek medical attention. An hour earlier, he had fallen on the leg during a football game and on standing had heard a "pop." No gross abnormality was noted. Jack-Ky Wang, MD, and Laurie Meng, PA-C, of Palos Heights, Ill, report that radiographs revealed a transversing pathologic fracture through an expansile lytic lesion of the right fibula.

Abstract: A number of factors can complicate the diagnosis of asthma in elderly patients. For example, the elderly are more likely to have diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) that--like asthma--can cause cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. Spirometry can help distinguish asthma from COPD, and chest radiography and measurement of brain natriuretic peptide levels can help identify CHF. Important considerations in the management of asthma include drug side effects, drug interactions, and difficulty in using metered-dose inhalers. When discussing the goals of therapy with the patient, remember that quality-of-life issues, such as the ability to live independently and to participate in leisure activities, can be stronger motivators than objective measures of pulmonary function. (J Respir Dis. 2006;27(6):238-247)