Americans Will Take Prescription Drugs for at Least 50% of their Lives, New Data Suggest

Americans born in 2019 will take prescription drugs for close to or more than half their lifetimes, according to results of a new study published in the journal Demography.¹

The study finds that a girl born in 2019 can expect, on average, to take prescription drugs for about 47.5 years, or 60% of her life, while a boy can expect to do so for approximately 37 years, or 48% of his life.¹ That’s more than they can expect to spend in their first marriage, in the labor force or getting an education, Jessica Ho, associate professor of sociology and demography at Penn State University and the study’s author, said in an PennState news release.²

Ho based her findings on nationally representative surveys conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1996 and 2019. The surveys include questions regarding prescription drug use.¹

Ho used mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Human Mortality Database to project the lifespans of Americans born in 2019. She combined this information with the survey data to estimate the percent of their lifetimes they could expend to spend taking prescription drugs.¹

The study found that most women are taking prescription drugs by the age of 15 years, and the majority of men are taking them by age 40.¹ Ho says the age difference is partly related to birth control and hormonal contraceptives, and partly to women’s greater use of analgesics and psychotherapeutic drugs for treating conditions such as depression, anxiety and ADHD.² Ho attributes the latter to doctors’ tendencies, beginning in the late 1800’s, to prescribe tranquilizers, and more recently diazepam and other benzodiazepines to women patients.²

By contrast, men take more statins and other medications targeting cardiovascular disease. But statin use varies by race and ethnicity, with lower rates among non-Hispanic Black men than non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics.¹ “That’s concerning because we know that cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other metabolic disorders are high among Black men,” Ho said.² “There’s no reason they should be taking these drugs for fewer years of their lives than men in other racial or ethnic groups.”²

The study also sheds light on the rapid increase in polypharmacy, defined as taking 5 or more medications simultaneously.¹ Today, Ho observed, individuals are equally as likely to be taking 5 or more drugs as they were in the mid-1990s to be taking just one.²

There’s a large body of research that shows Americans are less healthy and live shorter lives than our counterparts in other high-income countries. The prescription drug piece is part and parcel of that reality. It’s important to recognize the central role that prescription drug use has taken in our lives.

Ho said the study is not meant to be critical of prescription medications. “Obviously, they have made a difference in treating many conditions, but there are growing concerns about how much is too much. There’s a large body of research that shows Americans are less healthy and live shorter lives than our counterparts in other high-income countries. The prescription drug piece is part and parcel of that reality. It’s important to recognize the central role that prescription drug use has taken in our lives.”²

References
1. Ho JY. Life course patterns of prescription drug use in the United States. Demography. 2023;60(5):1549-1579. doi: 10.1215/00703370-10965990
2. Americans will spend half their lives taking prescription drugs, study finds. News release. PennState. October 6, 2023. Accessed October 18, 2023. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/americans-will-spend-half-their-lives-taking-prescription-drugs-study-finds/