Infectious Disease

A 9-year-old boy, who has no significantmedical history, presents with a generalizedpruritic eruption of 2 weeks’ duration.One week earlier, another practitionerruled out scabies and treatedhim presumptively for varicella.

To palpate the abdomen in a ticklishpatient, begin by placing the patient’shand on the abdomen in a pain-freearea.

A 49-year-old man complains of sharp pain in the medial left ankle that begansuddenly 3 nights earlier, waking him up. That night he also felt feverish anddiaphoretic, but those symptoms have subsided. The pain is present whenhe moves the ankle or when a shoe compresses the area. No other joints areinvolved. He denies trauma to the ankle or foot.

Until they can see a physician,patients can try using cold milk compresses(whole milk, low-fat, or skim)for temporary relief from the itchingof poison ivy or simple eczema.

When sterile saline is needed for repeatedhome use (eg, for daily cleansingof a foot ulcer), suggest thatthe patient buy an over-the-counter,

A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department with fever, headache,and photophobia. His illness began 5 days earlier with malaise, followed byfever, prostration, nausea, and vomiting. After 3 days, a severe headache developed,accompanied by photophobia; the headache did not respond to over-thecounteranalgesics.

An 81-year-old man presents with severe Alzheimer dementia. Hishistory includes benign prostatic hypertrophy with 2 transurethralresections. He has a remote history of tobacco use and has not used alcohol excessively. He isotherwise in good health. At the time of his original diagnosis, a cholinesterase inhibitor was notprescribed.

A 37-year-old man found unresponsiveat home with erratic respiration andurinary incontinence was brought tothe emergency department (ED). Accordingto his family, the patient hadbeen complaining of headaches, vertigo,and mild neck pain for 2 months.During that time, a CT scan of thesinuses revealed chronic sinusitis; thepatient had completed a course ofprednisone, naproxen, and meclizinewithout symptomatic improvement.The day before he was brought to theED, he had presented to a differenthospital with the same complaints andwas given a prescription for antibioticsfor a presumed sinus infection. He haddiet-controlled hypercholesterolemiaand did not smoke.

A 16-year-old Somali girl presents witha 3-day history of bilateral arm swellingand painful vesicular eruptions; hersymptoms are worsening. She reportsthat 5 days earlier, she and her friendshad used henna and black hair dyeto “tattoo” their skin. The others havenot experienced similar signs or symptoms.This patient has used henna(which is dark red) since childhoodfor decorative purposes. However, outliningan intricate design with hairdye is new for her.

A preoperative evaluation performed shortly before a 66-year-old man is scheduledto undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery reveals a peripheralblood leukocyte count of 23,500/μL with 28% neutrophils, 70% lymphocytes,and 2% monocytes. The patient’s hemoglobin level is 14.5 g/dL; plateletcount is 265,000/μL.

My 60-year-old male patient complains of urgency and frequency of urination.

A4-year-old boy has a 4-day historyof fever; a persistent dry,irritating cough; coryza; and anonpruritic rash. The rash startedaround the ears and then spread overthe trunk and limbs.

Acute gastroenteritisremains amajor cause ofmorbidity andhospitalizationamong infants and childrenin this country. Every yearin the United States, acutediarrheal illness accountsfor more than 1.5 millionpediatric outpatient visits,200,000 hospitalizations-and approximately 300deaths.

For patients who have repeated culture-positive episodes of streptococcalpharyngitis, current recommendations include treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate or clindamycin.

A 45-year-old womanpresents with redness in the righteye, which she noticed that morning.She has not sustained trauma to theeye and reports no discomfort or lossof visual acuity. Recently, the patienthad a bout of bronchitis with a numberof severe coughing episodes. Herhistory is significant for asthma andcigarette smoking.

A 27-year-old woman is hospitalized after laboratory studies revealed extremelyelevated liver enzyme levels. The studies were ordered after the patient soughtmedical attention for severe headaches that began 3 weeks earlier and for thepast several days had been accompanied by malaise, nausea, and vomiting.

A healthy 21-year-old man presented with a rapidly growing, filiform, ringshapedwart on his great toe (Figure).

My patient is a 70-year-old man who has had several episodesof cellulitis in his right thigh; he does not have diabetes.After the third episode, a 1-cm subcutaneous mass was excisedabove the area of recurrent cellulitis.

A 66-year-old woman presents tothe emergency department(ED) with exertional dyspnea, generalizedweakness, and orthostaticdizziness; the symptoms startedabout 1 week earlier and have progressedinsidiously. The patient alsoreports diaphoresis and nausea withoutvomiting. She has no chest pain,palpitations, cough, or hemoptysis;she has not had a recent respiratorytract infection. While she is waitingto be admitted, she has an episode ofsyncope.

A 13-year-old girl reportsthat her right eye has beendraining and uncomfortable for thepast several days. She is also concernedabout several "bumps" on theupper lid of her left eye. She has hadthese bumps in the past, but theyhave always resolved spontaneously.

The FDA has approved Ketek (telithromycin) fromAventis Pharmaceuticals to treat acute exacerbationof chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial sinusitis, and mild tomoderate community-acquired pneumonia. This is thefirst agent in a new class of antibiotics known as ketolides.Ketek has already been released in European, Latin American,and Asian markets.

During a routine physical examinationof a 21-year-old man, a 1-cm cysticlesion is detected on the posterior wallof the lower nasopharynx.

When you examine the oral cavityof a patient who has an upper respiratorytract infection, use a tonguedepressor that has been rinsed inwarm water and lightly flavored withlemon juice.

For 15 years, a 33-year-old man hashad scale on the soles of his feet;the condition has failed to respondto various topical antifungal agents.He has no other rashes. He ishealthy except for a history of seasonalallergies controlled by overthe-counter medications.

Instead of nail removal, another option for treating a subungualabscess is to scrub the digit and drill a hole in thenail plate with a hot wire loop.