All News

Because widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapyhas made it possible for persons with HIV infection to livelonger, the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS has shifted in severalways. The number of persons 50 years and older living withHIV/AIDS has risen in recent years, and there has been asubstantial increase in common comorbidities associated withaging in this population. These changes place new emphasis onthe important role of primary care in HIV/AIDS management.[Infect Med. 2008;25:477-480]

Community-acquired pneumonia is a frequent cause ofhospital admission in adults. It usually results from infectionwith pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia, among others. In a fewcases, pneumonia develops from infection with unusualpathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negativeorganism commonly found in the mouths of cats and dogs.We report a case of P multocida pneumonia associated with skintrauma caused by cat scratches in a woman with a history ofchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [Infect Med. 2008;25:487-489]

Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortalityin immunosuppressed hosts, such as patients with HIV-1 infectionand those who are otherwise neutropenic. Thus, antifungalprophylaxis has become important in the care of patients withAIDS, transplant recipients, persons receiving chemotherapy,and other at-risk persons. This first installment in a 3-part serieson opportunistic fungal infections in the immunocompromisedperson reviews the pathogenesis of opportunistic fungal infectionsin select at-risk populations and the pharmacotherapeuticarmamentarium available for prophylaxis and treatment.[Infect Med. 2008;25:448-456, 473]

A zoonosis is any disease-bacterial, mycotic, viral, or parasitic-that is transmissible from an animal to a human. More than 200 zoonoses have been identified. The newly emerging zoonosis that has achieved star status in the medical press is avian influenza. Another emerging threat is Nipah virus, which is transmitted from pigs to humans in the agricultural setting and causes encephalitis. But animal to human transmission of zoonoses are multimodal: from exposure to animal secretions in the agricultural setting, to transmission through insect vectors and ingestion of contaminated animal products, to more insidious routes, such as petting or being scratched or nipped at by one's pet dog, bird, cat, lizard, or other creature. A few interesting cases are presented here.

Fonsecaea species have been reported as causative agents ofchromoblastomycosis, eumycetoma, and fungal pneumonitis.However, Fonsecaea rarely involves the CNS, with few cases ofcerebral infection reported in the literature. Fonsecaea monophoramay have greater neurotropic potential than other species ofthis genus. We describe a rare presentation of brain abscesscaused by F monophora in an immunocompromised renaltransplant patient. [Infect Med. 2008;25:469-473]

A 52-year-old woman presented with a 12-day history of diarrhea and mild stool incontinence that began 2 to 3 hours after a routine screening colonoscopy. Six or 7 bowel movements of liquid, orange-yellow feces occurred each day for 12 days. The patient reported that associated nausea, flatulence, and severe abdominal cramping were relieved by the bowel movements. She also reported that a small amount of mucus was occasionally observed in the stool and that bright red blood streaks appeared on used toilet paper, although the stool itself was not bloody. She was able to tolerate a full diet, although food exacerbated the urgency. She was afebrile during this illness.

ALTHOUGH ENDEMIC MEASLEStransmission has been eliminatedthanks to vaccination efforts,measles outbreaks nevertheless arebecoming increasingly common becauseof importation of measles viainternational travel and a growingpopulation of unvaccinated childrenin the United States. That the numberof reported cases of measles inthe first half of 2008 was the highestyear-to-date since 1996-131 cases-is a cause for alarm. The CDC notedthat measles is one of the first diseasesto reemerge when rates of vaccinationcoverage decline. In its reportand commentary in the August22 issue of Morbidity and MortalityWeekly Report (Update: Measles-United States, January-July 2008.MMWR. 2008;57:893-896), the CDCsuggested that these outbreaks reflecta trend among parents to optout of having their children vaccinatedfor either religious or philosophicalreasons.

A 38-year-old HIV-infected man with a CD4+ cell count of 4/?L and an HIV RNA level of more than 750,000 copies/mL was admitted to the hospital after 1 month of painful right neck swelling and 1 week of dysphagia. His history was also notable for methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia, which occurred 2 months earlier; adrenal insufficiency; chronic hepatitis C; remote Cytomegalovirus retinitis; and recurrent bacterial pneumonia.

ABSTRACT: The diagnosis of asthma in older persons may becomplicated by a number of factors, including atypical presentationsand comorbid conditions, such as chronic obstructivepulmonary disease and congestive heart failure (CHF). Ahigh index of suspicion for the diagnosis of asthma is warrantedin patients with isolated dyspnea or cough. The diagnosisshould be based on demonstration of reversible airwayobstruction on pulmonary function tests. Additional tests thatmay be useful in the initial evaluation include chest radiography,arterial blood gas analysis, and standard electrocardiography.CT may help exclude pulmonary embolism and certainneoplasms that can masquerade as asthma. High-resolutionCT scans are valuable when pulmonary function testresults are consistent with interstitial lung disease. When thediagnosis is uncertain, measurement of brain natriuretic peptidecan help distinguish between obstructive lung disease andCHF. (J Respir Dis. 2008;29(10):391-396)

To what extent are patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) at increased risk for postoperative complications? Are there any specific interventions that reduce the risks?

ABSTRACT: The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis remainschallenging because of atypical clinical presentations,comorbid diseases, and the difficulty in culturing Aspergillus bystandard microbiological techniques. Serial monitoring withCT scans of the chest and serological markers can help withearly identification in high-risk patients, such as hematopoieticstem cell transplant recipients. The most common radiographicfindings are single or multiple nodules, wedge-shapedpleural-based infiltrates, and cavities. The halo sign is the mostsuggestive clue to aspergillosis and is manifested by a macronodulesurrounded by a perimeter of ground-glass opacity.(J Respir Dis. 2008;29(10):405-410)

HIV testing and prevention were two important, and sometimes controversial, research themes at the 17th International AIDS Conference (IAC) held from August 3 to 8, 2008, in Mexico City. Both topics, usually low-tech activities, saw a renewed interest in an evidence-based approach and pleas for more data.

With an improved life expectancy, HIV-positive patients now face interactions between antiretroviral therapy and medications for chronic medical problems. One example is thromboembolism and its treatment with oral anticoagulants.

A 48-year-old woman with hypertension, HIV infection, anemia, and chronic kidney disease presented with generalized body weakness and diarrhea of several months’ duration.

Case 1: A 19-year-old man seeks evaluation of leg pain of 1 month’s duration. The increased pigmentation on his legs has been present for about 8 to 9 months.

An 81-year-old woman with Alzheimer dementia is admitted to an acute geropsychiatry hospital unit because of agitation. Medical problems include a seizure disorder, perhaps of recent onset, well-controlled on phenytoin with therapeutic levels. Grew up in Puerto Rico. Unexplained eosinophilia of 15%.

Management of treatment-experienced patients with multidrug resistance can be challenging. Fortunately, since 2006, 4 new antiretroviral agents-darunavir, maraviroc, raltegravir, and etravirine-with activity against drug-resistant HIV have been approved.

Although more than 20 years of antiretroviral therapy use has resulted in the selection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1, new drugs in the traditional and newer antiretroviral drug classes provide an increasing range of options for the effective treatment of HIV-1 infection.